Which of the following influences can lead to increased hostility in crowds?

The influence of inability to withdraw from the situation is a significant factor leading to increased hostility in crowds. When individuals find themselves trapped in a crowded environment without a clear means of escape, feelings of anxiety and frustration can escalate. This can create a sense of panic or discomfort, resulting in aggressive behavior as crowd members may react defensively to perceived threats, whether real or imagined. The sense of being stuck can amplify tensions and aggravate existing conflicts, leading to a volatile atmosphere.

In contrast, positive social interactions and community engagement efforts typically foster cooperation and a sense of belonging, which can mitigate hostility. Similarly, perceptions of safety tend to increase an individual's sense of security, promoting calm and order rather than aggression. Understanding the implications of crowd dynamics, particularly in high-stress situations, is crucial for effective crowd management and ensuring safety for all involved.